The Difference between The Democritean and Philosophy of Nature [download pdf] - Karl Marx

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Ebook Title          : The Difference between The Democritean and Philosophy of Nature
Ebook Thickness  : 78 Page
Language : English
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Apart from historical testimony, there is much other evidence for the identity of Democritean and Epicurean physics. The principles atoms and the void are indisputably the same. Only in isolated cases does there seem to be arbitrary, hence unessential, difference.

However, a curious and insoluble riddle remains. Two philosophers teach exactly the same science, in exactly the same way, but how inconsistent! they stand diametrically opposed in all that concerns truth, certainty, application of this science, and all that refers to the relationship between thought and reality in general. I say that they stand diametrically opposed, and I shall now try to prove it.

A. The opinion of Democritus concerning the truth and certainty of human knowledge seems hard to ascertain. Contradictory passages are to be found, or rather it is not the passages, but Democritus' views that contradict each other. For
Trendelenburg's assertion in his commentary to Aristotelean psychology, that only later authors, but not Aristotle, knew of such contradictions, is factually incorrect. Indeed, in Aristotle's Psychology it is stated: “Democritus posits soul and mind [Verstand] as one and the same, since the phenomenon is the true thing.” (1) But in his Metaphysics he writes: “Democritus asserts that nothing is true or it is concealed from us.” (2) Are not these passages of Aristotle contradictory? If the phenomenon is the true thing, how can the true thing be concealed? The concealment begins only when phenomenon and truth separate.  

But Diogenes Laertius reports that Democritus was counted among the Sceptics. His saying is quoted: “In reality we know nothing, for truth lies at the deep bottom of the well.”(3) Similar statements are found in Sextus Empiricus.

This sceptical, uncertain and internally self-contradictory view held by Democritus is only further developed in the way in which the relationship between the atom and the world which is apparent to the senses is determined.

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